This article I gather from some reference, introducing the IP Address and this may have been many "outstanding" on the internet, but this feels "obliged" to be learned for those who want to deal with and "networking", hopefully this article can be useful.
Internet Protocol is a network protocol layer (network layer in the OSI Reference Model) or internetwork layer protocol (internetwork layer in the DARPA Reference Model) which is used by TCP / IP to perform pengalamatan and routing data packets between hosts on the network computer-based TCP / IP.
IP Address consists of a 32 bit binary along the segment is divided into 4. Each segment consists of 8 bits, which means having a decimal value from 0 - 255. Address range that can be used is from 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111. Thus, there are as many as 232 combinations of the address can be used around the world (although in reality there are a number of IP Address that is used for special purposes). Thus, a network TCP / IP address with 32 bit is able to accommodate as many as 232 or more than 4 billion hosts.
To facilitate reading and writing, IP Address is usually represented by a decimal number. So, on the address range can be changed to address 0.0.0.0sampai address 255255255255. Decimal value of the IP Address is what is known in the day-to-day.
IP Address can be separated into 2 parts, namely the network (bit-bit network / network bits) and the host (bit-bit host / host bit). Network bit role in the identification of a network from another network, while the host bits in the identification of a role in a host network. So, all hosts in a network that connected the same network have the same bit. Some of the bit-bit from the beginning of the IP Address is the network bit / network number, while the rest is for the host. Dividing line between the network and the host is not fixed, depending on the class network. There are 3 main classes that address in TCP / IP, that is, class A, class B and class C. Internet Protocol software determines the type of division of this class with a few test bits of the first IP Address. The determination of this class is done in the following way
* If the first bit of the IP Address is 0, the network address is a class A. Bit 7 and this next bit (8 bits first) is a 24 bit network while the last bit is a bit host. Thus there are only 128 class A network, that is, the number of 0.xxx.xxx.xxx until 127.xxx.xxx.xxx, but each network can accommodate more than 16 million (2563) host (xxx is a variable, a value of 0 s / d 255)
* 2 If the first bit of the IP Address is 10, the network address is a class B. This two-bit and 14 bit next (first 16 bit) is a network bit, while 16 bit is the last bit host. Thus, there are more than 16 thousand class B network (64 x 256), ie, from the network 128.0.xxx.xxx - 191.255.xxx.xxx. Each class B network is able to accommodate more than 65 thousand hosts (2562)
* If the first 3 bits of the IP Address is 110, the network address is a class C. This three-bit and 21 bit next (first 24 bits) is the network bit and 8 bit is the last bit host. Thus, there are more than 2 million class C network (32 x 256 x 256), ie the number of 192.0.0.xxx to 223.255.255.xxx. Each class C network is able to accommodate only about 256 host
In addition to the above three classes, there are 2 classes, which is intended for the use of specific, ie, class D and class E. If bit 4 is the first in 1110, IP Address is a class D that is used for multicast address, ie, a number of computers that use a joint application (with a distinctive understanding of the network address that refers to a number of computers that use a shared network). One of the multicast address that is currently being developed at this time on the Internet is an application for real-time video conference involving more than two hosts (multipoint), using the multicast Backbone (MBone). Last class is a class E (4 bit is the first in 1111 or the rest of the entire class). Pemakaiannya is reserved for experimental activities.
In addition to the address that is used for a host, there is some type of address that is used for special purposes and should not be used for a host. Address is
Network Address. This address is used to identify a network on the Internet network. Suppose for the host with the class B IP Address 167.205.9.35. Without the subnet, the network address of the host is 167.205.0.0. Address this by making available all the host bits in the last 2 segments to be 0. The aim is to simplify the routing information on the Internet. Routers enough to see the network address (167205) to determine where the package should be sent. Class C for example, the network address to IP address 202.152.1.250 is 202.152.1.0. A good analogy to describe the function of the network address is in the processing of the post office. Penyortir officer of the post office just to see the city address at the destination (no need to read the entire address) to determine the path which must be the letter. Work "routing" letters to be faster. Similarly with the router on the Internet during the top of the routing of data packets.
Broadcast Address. This address is used to send / receive information that should be known by all who have hosted on a network. As known, each packet has a header IP address destination IP Address of the form that will be hosted by dituju package. With this address, only the destination host to process the package, while others will host it. What if a host would like to send a packet to all hosts in the networknya? Efficient if it does not need to create the replication of the number of host the package destination. Bandwidth usage will increase and the work load of the host increases, the contents of the packages is the same. Therefore, created the concept of broadcast address. Enough to send host broadcast address, all hosts in the network will receive the package. Consequently, all hosted on the same network must have the same broadcast address and the address should not be used as an IP Address to a particular host. So, in fact each host has 2 address to receive the package: the first is the IP Addressnya that is unique and is the second broadcast address on the network where the host is located. Broadcast address is making all the host bits in the IP Address to 1. So, for the host with IP address 167.205.9.35 or 167.205.240.2, broadcast addressnya is 167205255255 (2 segments from the last IP Address 11111111.11111111 are valuable, so the decimal legible 255,255). The type of information that is usually dibroadcast routing information.
Netmask. address is used to make masks / filters in the process of the formation of routing so that we simply pay attention a little bit of a total of only 32 bit IP Address. This means not using the netmask we need to consider all (32 bit) IP address to determine routing, but quite a few pieces of the IP address only do we need to look at to determine where the packet is sent.
